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[Événement] Conférence de clôture / Closing Conference

Patient·es et personnel soignant. Interroger les rapports de pouvoir en psychiatrie et en médecine au XXe siècle à travers les archives audiovisuelles / Patients & Medical Staff: Interrogating Power Dynamics in twentieth-century Psychiatry and Medicine through Audiovisual Archives – 27-28 March, 2025 – Salle Internef 129

Que disent les archives audiovisuelles en psychiatrie des rapports entre corps médical et patient·e·s et de leur évolution au cours du XXe siècle ? Dans quelle mesure les tensions vécues par les soignant·e·s dans leur contact avec les malades ne contredisent-elles pas certaines idées foucaldiennes autour de la microphysique du pouvoir ? Est-il possible d’envisager l’opération de captation des patient.e.s par l’image photographique ou cinématographique autrement que comme un geste de double sujétion au pouvoir médical et au regard technologique ?

À partir des sources relatives au quotidien de la psychiatrie, ainsi qu’à ses lieux, ses matérialités, ses pratiques et ses savoirs, ce colloque vise à explorer à nouveaux frais les rapports patient·e·s-personnel soignant, de sorte à questionner le paradigme disciplinaire qui a longtemps prévalu dans l’histoire de la psychiatrie, comme dans les études consacrées aux films médicaux (Cartwright 1995). Dans le cas des films de recherche, ces rapports semblent jouer en défaveur des patients, visiblement en situation de vulnérabilité face à des psychiatres et médecins qui les manipulent dans un but expérimental ou démonstratif. Toutefois, certains éléments indiquent que ces liens s’avèrent moins univoques qu’on ne le pense : la résistance des malades à performer leurs symptômes ou à montrer leur visage, la difficulté à saisir des mouvements trop rapides, la porosité de la limite qui sépare parfois visuellement les protagonistes de l’histoire de la folie.

L’objectif de cette rencontre consiste, d’une part, à se demander s’il est possible de conceptualiser différemment l’asymétrie médecins-patient·e·s – par exemple à travers une micro-analyse des sources attentive aux interactions incarnées – et, d’autre part, à répondre à la question en s’attachant aux enjeux épistémiques, idéologiques et éthiques que recouvrent ces archives et leur étude aujourd’hui.

Capture d’écran d’un film de la collection Waldau numérisé par la Cinémathèque suisse – Penthaz

English

Through an examination of audiovisual archives in psychiatry, this colloquium delves into the evolving dynamics between medical professionals and patients throughout the 20th century. It seeks to explore how the lived experiences of caregivers in their interactions with patients challenge certain Foucauldian notions regarding the microphysics of power.

Drawing from sources of everyday practices, spaces, materiality, and knowledge within psychiatry, this colloquium endeavors to reevaluate the patient-caregiver relationship, thereby questioning the disciplinary paradigm that has long prevailed in psychiatric history and medical film studies (Cartwright 1995). While research films often depict patients in vulnerable positions manipulated by doctors for experimental or demonstrative purposes, nuances suggest a more intricate dynamic: patients’ resistance to perform symptoms, difficulties in capturing rapid movements, and the porous boundaries visually separating protagonists from the narrative of madness.

The objectives of this meeting are twofold: first, to explore the possibility of conceptualizing the asymmetry between psychiatrists/doctors and patients differently, perhaps through a micro-analysis of sources attentive to embodied interactions; and second, to address the epistemic, ideological, and ethical implications underlying these archives and their contemporary study.

Day 1 : Thursday 27 (UNIL, Internef 129)

8h30-9h00 : Accueil/Welcome

9h00-9h25 : Introduction. DrMireille Berton (UNIL)

9h30-10h45 : Panel 1a. Films de recherche en milieu institutionnel et enjeux éthiques / Research films in institutional milieu and ethical problems.

Dr Jessica Schüpbach (UNIL/IHM-CHUV) – Gestes et regards dans les films de la collection Waldau : Ernst Grünthal

Dr Elodie Murtas (UNIL, Section d’Histoire et esthétique du cinéma) – Gestes, regards, écoute dans les films de la collection Waldau : Theodor H. Spoerri

11h15-12h30 : Panel 1b.

Dr Stéphanie Perruchoud (UNIL, Centre interdisciplinaire de recherche en éthique) – Une image vaut-elle mille mots ? Analyse rétrospective des enjeux éthiques sous-jacents dans les films de la collection Waldau à la lumière des principes éthiques fondamentaux

Tamara Sandrin (Università degli Studi di Udine) – Biomedical Power in Neuropathological Cinema. A Comparison between Camillo Negro and Vincenzo Neri’s films

14h15-15h30 : Panel 2a. Cinéma, désaliénisme et thérapies alternatives / Cinema, desalienation and alternative therapies.

Kéren Alcântara (Université Paris Sorbonne Nord, laboratoire Unité Transversale de Recherche Psychogenèse et Psychopathologie) – Cinéma et Psychothérapie institutionnelle : la caméra comme outil de soin et de transformation sociale

Juliette Naviaux (Université Lumière-Lyon 2, Laboratoire de Recherche Historique Rhône-Alpes) – La caméra comme œil du médecin ? Les films intégrés aux dossiers médicaux des patients de l’hôpital psychiatrique de Castelluccio de la fin des années 1970 au milieu des 1990

16h00-17h50 : Panel 2b.

Sophia Gräfe (Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Kulturwissenschaft) – Changing climate: Medical care and travel filmed on a GDR hospital ship in 1965

18h30 : Le Cinématographe (Casino de Montbenon, Lausanne). Filmer et projeter la folie / Filming and Projecting Madness – Projection (gratuit /free entrance)

Day 2 : Friday morning 28 (UNIL, Internef 129)

8h30-9h00 : Accueil/Welcome

9h00-10h15 : Panel 3. Le film, un outil d’observation de la psychologie infantile / Film, a Tool for Observing Child Psychology.

Dr Bonnie Evans (Queen Mary University of London) – The Importance of Film to the Psychological Treatment of Children in the 20th Century

Dr Katie Joice (Birkbeck College London) – Mothering and Mental Illness: Documentary Film-making, Institutional Care and the Origins of Infant Psychiatry

10h45-12h00 : Panel 4. Film et mise en récit autour de la psychologie de l’enfant / Film and Storytelling on Child Psychology.

Prof. Janet Harbord (Queen Mary University of London) – Autism and the finding of affect in the patient-clinician relationship (Netherlands circa 1960)

Prof. Tim Snelson (University of East Anglia) – Reel Worlds : Enlivening Histories of Child Psychology through Fiction Films and their Archives

Day 2 : Friday afternoon 28 Plateforme 10. Quartier des Arts

14h15-15h15 : Conférence performée à deux voix. Je veux me mettre la tête dans la rivière pour la vider de mes bêtises et la remplir de bonnes idées. La posture scientifique à l’épreuve des archives psychiatriques du Centre Hospitalier Henri Ey (Bonneval, France), par Dr Adèle Yon (ENS, SACRe) et Juliet Darremont (comédienne, compagnie Urdine)

15h15-16h30 : Panel 5. Psychiatrie et médecine en contexte (post)colonial / Psychiatry and medicine in a (post)colonial context.

Dr Guillaume Linte (CNRS) – Médecine missionnaire et patient·es colonisé·es: le cas de la SMEP au Cameroun (1920-1960)

Dr Romain Tiquet (CNRS Imaf / Centre Marc Bloch, Berlin) – Approcher la « communauté thérapeutique » de Fann et Kenia (Sénégal) dans les années 1970 au travers du fond photographique Leonore Mau (Berlin)

17h00-18h00 : Conférence de clôture / Closing lecture. Le visage des soigné·e·s / The Faces of Patients.

Prof. Cristina Ferreira (HESAV) – Les visages des malades au travail à l’asile de Cery : l’apport de l’archive photographique pour contrer les oublis de l’histoire

18h00-18h15 : Conclusion

Contact: mireille.berton@uni..ch

Médiatiser la psychiatrie en Suisse au XXe siècle. Cultures audiovisuelles et savoirs sur la folie

Journée d’étude, Université de Lausanne, 3 octobre 2024, l’IDHEAP-003. Organisation : Mireille Berton (Section de cinéma, faculté des lettres, UNIL) & Aude Fauvel (Institut des humanités en médecine, CHUV-UNIL). Comité scientifique : Dr Mireille Berton ; Dr Aude Fauvel ; Dr Félix Rietmann (Section de médecine, Université de Fribourg) ; Dr Marianna Scarfone (Faculté des sciences sociales, SAGE, Université de Strasbourg).

Comment la psychiatrie en Suisse a-t-elle médiatisé ses pratiques et ses savoirs (savants ou profanes) ? Quels images et sons a-t-elle fait circuler, dans quels buts et avec quels résultats ? En quoi les spécificités professionnelles, institutionnelles et culturelles de cette branche de la médecine ont-elles infléchi ces productions audiovisuelles ? Et dans quelle mesure la psychiatrie suisse s’est-elle distinguée (ou non) des pays voisins du point de vue de la fabrication d’une archive audiovisuelle ?

La visualité a toujours joué un rôle capital en psychiatrie, comme l’illustre l’exemple bien connu de la photographie, qui a contribué — entre autres — au processus de professionnalisation de cette spécialité. Essentielle dans la formation et la recherche, employée pour véhiculer une image moderne de l’institution, elle a aussi induit la stigmatisation des personnes atteintes de troubles mentaux. Dans le sillage de la photographie, le film, la télévision, la radio et la vidéo ont également participé à construire des savoirs sur la folie, de sorte à les (ré)affirmer, les rationaliser, les promouvoir, les renouveler, etc. Et à chaque fois, selon les époques et contextes de production, de diffusion et de réception, l’audiovisuel a généré différents usages, niveaux de lecture, effets, récits et contre-récits.

Cette journée d’étude vise à explorer comment la psychiatrie en Suisse au XXsiècle s’est emparée des médias audiovisuels pour donner forme à la folie, mais aussi façonner une certaine image d’elle-même, que ces représentations émanent du corps médical et paramédical, des patient·e·s ou de leur entourage. L’objectif de cette rencontre est double : d’une part, rassembler des chercheurs·euses dispersé·e·s s dans différentes régions linguistiques et stimuler les échanges entre eux ; d’autre part, favoriser un dialogue transdisciplinaire entre humanités médicales, histoire de l’art et histoire des médias autour d’objets qui gagnent à être éclairés par leurs regards croisés.

Connue pour avoir laissé quelques figures marquantes à l’histoire de la psychiatrie, de la psychologie et de la psychanalyse, on peut se demander si la Suisse a fait des médias audiovisuels des usages singuliers ou originaux. La question peut en effet se poser au regard de ses particularités. Née au sein des grands centres universitaires, la psychiatrie suisse se définit par la pluralité de ses pratiques, son réseau très dense d’établissements privés et publics, l’émulation entre Suisse romande et Suisse allemande ou encore un intérêt pour la psychanalyse et pour le développement de nouvelles méthodes thérapeutiques (cure par le sommeil, insulinothérapie, thérapie par le travail, art thérapie, etc.). La souveraineté des cantons sur le plan des politiques de soins et la situation géographique de la Suisse au centre de l’Europe (qui font d’elle un lieu ouvert aux courants — centripètes et centrifuges — d’idées, de personnes, de savoir-faire) achèvent de dessiner le profil idiosyncrasique de la psychiatrie suisse.

Si l’implication dans l’étude de la psychopathologie de l’expression (connue aussi sous le nom d’« art brut ») a reçu l’attention soutenue des chercheurs·euses, notamment en histoire de l’art et de la littérature, il reste encore bien des pistes et des corpus à explorer du côté des médias comme la radio, le film, la télévision ou la vidéo. Rattachées encore trop souvent au monde de l’art, critiquées pour être des instruments de pouvoir aux mains des psychiatres, minorées car jugées non scientifiques, les sources audiovisuelles méritent pourtant qu’on s’y attarde afin de recueillir en elles des informations absentes des textes écrits.

De fait, les documents audiovisuels constituent des formes de communication en partie non narratives et non verbales, qui invitent à prêter attention aux corps des patients, médecins, etc., à la manière dont ils interagissent et dont la maladie s’incarne. Dans les cas des films de recherche, les images animées montrent autre chose que le savoir médical, révélant l’éthos des médecins, la résistance des patient·e·s ou les limites d’un projet (scientifique, thérapeutique, institutionnel, etc.). Si ces objets sont emblématiques des normes dictées par les protagonistes de la psychiatrie, ils constituent également des sources plurivoques, éloquentes à plusieurs points de vue, y compris dans leurs silences.

Contexte: cette journée d’étude est organisée dans le cadre de deux recherches financées par le FNS :

  • Cinéma et (neuro)psychiatrie en Suisse: autour des collections Waldau, 1920-1990 (2021-2025), dir. Mireille Berton (UNIL). Site : https://waldau.hypotheses.org/.
  • MEDIF (2023-2027), dir. Aude Fauvel (IHM-CHUV-UNIL) et Rémy Amouroux (Institut de psychologie, UNIL). Le projet étudie l’histoire des premières femmes médecins en Suisse romande et en France, des années 1870 à l’entre-deux-guerres, ainsi que leurs contributions aux savoirs médicaux.

Elle s’articule également avec le volet historique du jubilé des 150+1 ans de Cery. Pour plus d’information sur cet événement : https://www.chuv.ch/fr/psychiatrie/dp-home/liste-des-actualites/detail/news/59152-save-the-date-cery-fete-ses-150-ans-les-4-et-5-octobre-2024

Elle s’inscrit également dans le cadre de la Collaboration UNIL + Cinémathèque suisse.

Programme de la journée

8h30-9h00 : Introduction

Panel 1: Promouvoir l’institution psychiatrique

Modération : Dr Mireille Berton

9h00-9h30 : Mikhaël Moreau (IHM-CHUV/UNIL) – Comment faire de la publicité pour la psychiatrie ? L’exemple des campagnes de « propagande » pour l’hôpital de Cery dans les années 1960

9h30-10h00 : Dr Elodie Murtas (UNIL) – De l’Abeitstherapie à l’ergothérapie : quand le film s’empare de la thérapeutique psychiatrique occupationnelle

10h00-10h30 : Discussion

10h30-11h00: Pause

Panel 2: Représenter le monde des patient·e·s

Modération : Dr Félix Rietmann (Université de Fribourg)

11h00-11h30 : Dr Jessica Schüpbach (UNIL) – Au fil et au cœur des films de la collection Waldau… les patient·e·s.

11h30-12h00 : Chiara Sartor (Université Humboldt de Berlin) – Médiatiser l’écriture « brute ». De la critique sociale post-soixante-huitarde à l’esthétisation actuelle (1979-2021)

12h00-12h30 : Discussion

12h30-13h45: Pause de midi

Panel 3: Médiatiser la psychanalyse

Modération : Dr Aude Fauvel (IHM-CHUV)

13h45-14h15 : Dr Camille Jaccard (UNIL) – Inconscient et prophylaxie des troubles mentaux sur les ondes de Radio-Lausanne dans l’après-guerre : Les chroniques du psychanalyste Georges Favez (1901-1981)

14h15-14h45 : David Bucheli (UNIBAS) — “Tell me what you see”. Looking at Rorschach’s Inkblots through the Cinema of Robert Siodmak and Ken Jacobs

14h45-15h15 : Discussion

15h15-15h45: Pause

Panel 4 – Mettre en perspective les archives audiovisuelles aujourd’hui

Modération : Prof. Anne-Katrin Weber (UNIL)

15h45-16h15 : Paola Juan (IHM-CHUV/UNIL) – Éthique et productions audiovisuelles (2019-2024) : regards croisés

16h15-16h45 : Alexandra Tilman (CIRCEC) – Retour sur les archives RTS de la psychiatrie des années 1960. Un travail de recherche-documentaire multimédias réalisé à l’Université de Lausanne

16h45-17h15 : Discussion

17h15-17h35: Conclusion

[Conférences] Le cinéma de prévention antisyphilitique et Les films de patient·e·s réalisés à l’hôpital psychiatrique de Cery

Dans le cadre du cours-séminaire de Master « Soigner par l’image. Le cinéma au service de la santé » (section de cinéma, automne 2023), nous avons le privilège d’accueillir deux spécialistes qui viennent partager le fruit de leurs recherches avec les étudiant·e·s de l’UNIL.

Le 1er novembre, le prof. Alexandre Wenger de l’Université de Genève (Institut Éthique, Histoire, Humanités) parlera du cinéma de prévention antisyphilitique avec, comme étude de cas principale, le film français L’ennemi secret (1945) de J. K. Raymond-Millet, qui défend une politique nataliste typique de l’époque. Souvent hybrides du point de vue du mode de production, mélangeant les codes de la fiction, du reportage, du documentaire, etc., ces productions reposent sur une rhétorique visuelle et discursive propre aux films de propagande diffusés pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale.

Le 29 novembre, la docteure Elodie Murtas (post-doc FNS/UNIL) traitera des films réalisés par les patient·e·s de l’hôpital psychiatrique de Cery (à Prilly) entre 1959 et 1981, avec l’aide technique de Nag Ansorge, un célèbre cinéaste d’animation suisse. Unique en son genre, cette pratique thérapeutique offre aux malades un exutoire, un moyen d’expression inédit, ainsi qu’un support réflexif, puisque les films peuvent être revus ultérieurement, autorisant ainsi un recul bénéfique à l’appréciation de l’évolution psychique du·de la patient·e.

Ces deux conférences permettent d’éclairer deux pans très différents de l’usage du cinéma en faveur de la santé : le premier concerne l’emploi du film à des fins éducatives dans le cadre de campagnes de prévention visant un large public, le second ouvre la « cinémathérapie » à l’art-thérapie, là où les patient·e·s ne se contentent plus de voir les films des autres, mais franchissent le cap de la création pour exprimer leurs sentiments et rendre compte de leur quotidien.

Les conférences ont lieu à 10h15 dans la salle 4215 de l’Unithèque (bâtiment dit de la « Banane ») à l’UNIL. Elles sont organisées dans le cadre d’un cours donné à l’UNIL au sein de la Section d’Histoire et esthétique du cinéma (Mireille Berton).

Elles sont ouvertes à toute personne intéressée, y compris hors UNIL.

  • Mercredi 1er novembre 2023, 10h15 ­– Alexandre Wenger : Le cinéma de prévention antisyphilitique (première moitié du XXesiècle)
  • Mercredi 29 novembre 2023, 10h15 – Elodie Murtas : Les films de patients : Cery fait son cinéma

Elodie Murtas présentera également le 1er novembre à 20h30 au Spoutnik les films du groupe cinématographique des patients de Cery dans le cadre des RENCONTRES CINÉMA(S) ET PSYCHIATRIE(S), CHAPITRE 6. = > https://spoutnik.info/film/films-du-groupe-cinematographique-des-patients-de-cery-1964-1981/  

 

[Conference] The NECS 2023 Conference: Care – University of Oslo – 13.-17. of June 2023 

Panels from the Media and Mental Health workgroup, led by Mireille Berton & Bregt Lameris

NECS Conference full program

Much as literature can “repair the world” (Gefen 2017), audiovisual cultures, practices, and imaginaries have, from the outset, tried repairing our conditions as victims, to fight against illness, to relieve our traumas, to foster our empathic inclination. By taking the opposite side of the discourse that laments the damaging effects of screens (analog and digital) on the psyche, these panels explore, through case studies, the restorative, healing and reconciling effects of audiovisual images in the field of mental health.

While moving images have often caused concern because of their suggestive power, they have also been perceived as a valuable tool for health education, and sometimes even for health itself. This is evidenced by the recommendations of doctors in defense of the motion pictures (Berton 2015, 2016. 2017; Toropova 2022), the construction, within hospital institutions, of spaces dedicated to cinematographic projections seen as a leisure activity supporting the mental balance of the patients (Hennefeld 2022), moving colors used to heal shell shock soldiers, such as Auroratone films (Pernuit 2021), or more recently the creation of multimedia or immersive dispositifs meant to represent mental illness such as Goliath. Playing with reality or have therapeutical effects (Cavaletti & Grossi 2020).

These panels invite us to reflect on the question of “care” understood in the broad sense at two levels: that of practices, discourses and representations regarding the therapeutic or restorative powers of the media; and that of the historical or archaeological approach, which consists of taking care of “fragile” objects such as films, images, sounds, media, audiovisual devices, etc. (Denis & Pontille 2022).

 

Article by Mary Hallock-Greenwalt published in Motion Picture News (August 1921)

Panel B2, 15th June, 11 am – Caring and Repairing through Audiovisual Images: Films and other Medias for Mental Health – Part I – Film and Video Chair: Mireille Berton (University of Lausanne)

  • Paper 1 –– Beatrice Irwin and the Therapeutic Culture of North American Screen Practices (1910–1940), Pierre-Jacques Pernuit (University of Paris I Panthéon-Sorbonne)
  • Paper 2 — Caring Colours, Bregt Lameris (Open University of the Netherlands)
  • Paper 3 — Videotherapy through self-confrontation. Methods and approaches in the IAAPP (International Working Group for Audiovision in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy) 1977–1999, Renée Winter (Department of Contemporary History at the University of Vienna)
  • Paper 4 — Between self-help and how-to: reproductive (mental) health and prenatal care on film 1920s–1970s, Katrin Pilz (Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Digital History, Vienna)

Panel C2, 15th June, 14 pm – Caring for the Mentally Disordered; Learning Practice and Empathy from Mental Health Nursing Films Chair: Magdalena Zdrodowska (Jagiellonian University, Poland)

  • Paper 1 –– Papering over the cracks in nursing recruitment: a look at how films from the archives toe the line between fantasy and reality in mental healthcare, Angela Saward (Wellcome Collection, London)
  • Paper 2 –– Filming psychiatric nursing in Switzerland in the 1920s. A maieutic between “care” and “cure”, Raphaël Tinguely (University of Lausanne)
  • Paper 3 –– Studying research and teaching films in psychiatry: What practices of care?, Mireille Berton (University of Lausanne)

Panel D2, 16th June, 9 am – Caring and Repairing through Audiovisual Images: Films and other Medias for Mental Health – Part II – Digital Worlds Chair : Bregt Lameris (Open University of the Netherlands)

  • Paper 1 — On the Couch with Arielle and Mowgli. Therapeutic Narratives in Documentaries about Mental Illness, Janin Tschechel (University of Bonn)
  • Paper 2 The mediated practices and narratives of care. Artists and activists with disabilities under quarantine, Magdalena Zdrodowska (Jagiellonian University, Poland)
  • Paper 3 — Taking Care. VR, Immersiveness, Intimacy, Elisabetta Modena
  • Paper 4 –– Take Care of Your Digital Self: On the Usage of Virtual Reality in Contemporary Psychotherapy Practices, Federica Cavaletti & Giancarlo Grossi (University of Milan)

Panel I9, 17th June, 14 pm – Mental Health in Film and Television

  • Paper 1 – Everything Calls for Salvation: Caring for Mental Health among Adolescent through a TV Show, Romana Andó (Sapienza University of Rome) & Leonardo Campagna (Sapienza University of Rome)
  • Paper 2 – Consenting When in a Vulnerable Position: An Ethical Discussion on TV Participation, Kjersti Blehr Lånkan (Oslo Metropolitan University)
  • Paper 3 – Institutional Films From the Waldau’s Psychiatric Film Collections, or the Shift From the “Cure Gaze” to the “Care Gaze”, Elodie Murtas (University of Lausanne)
  • Paper 4 – Cinemas of Insanity: Popular Culture and the Precarization of Care, Simon Schleusener (Freie Universität Berlin)

NECS Conference full program



[Note de recherche] Some notes on the “Useful Film in (Neuro)Psychiatry Europe, 1900-1950. Update on Current Research” conference

The main goal of the conference was to assess the research on “useful films” conducted during the first half of the 20th century by neurologists and psychiatrists in Europe for clinical, educational, and archival purposes. The “useful film” has been long neglected by film historians, remaining in the shadow of both commercial cinema and the “auteur film”. Partly escaping commercial theatrical release, useful films know over the years a large variety of formats, forms, and functions, but also a diversity of production, distribution, and reception contexts. Their pragmatic and ephemeral nature requires considering the context in which these films are elaborated, as well as the discourses that surround them and the practices that determine them.

Drawing on the work of Acland and Wasson, the notion of useful film refers to the multiple ways institutions conceive and engage with the tool of cinema. “The concept of useful cinema does not so much name a mode of production, a genre, or an exhibition venue as it identifies a disposition, an outlook, and an approach toward a medium on the part of institutions or institutional agents.” (Acland & Wasson 2011, 4). For our part, we employ this notion in order to designate an approach to cinema oriented by the needs of the actors in the field of neurology and psychiatry.

Kimberley Fleuren

One of the scopes of the conference was to compose, through a number of case studies, a panorama of the practices involved (themselves quite diversified, even though the model of a film as a tool within medical research largely prevails), while bringing forth new approaches or lines of research relevant for this type of audio-visual document. Contributions focused on films made in France (Jean Comandon), Italy (Gaetano Rummo and others), Great Britain (Wellcome collections), Germany (Ludwig Mayer), Belgium (Van Gehuchten and others), the Netherlands (Magnus-Rademaker), Spain (Antonio Subirana), and Switzerland (Walter R. Hess, Ernst Grünthal).

We have chosen to focus on the first part of the 20th century for pragmatical reasons, but also to reexamine the traditional history of neuropsychiatric film, which isolates two key moments in the development of the film practices of neurologists and psychiatrists. The first one amounts to the era of the pioneers around 1900–1910 (Marinescu, Van Gehuchten, Neri, Negro, Magnus, Sainton, Comandon, etc.). Their films are for the most part the result of personal initiatives and emerge outside institutional policies, as is the case with the amateur films made by Ernst Grünthal; other films are made through collaboration between a professional filmmaker and a doctor/institution/firm. The second key moment extends from the inter-war to the post-war years that saw the rise of the “institutional asylum film”, a term introduced by Bonah and Rotzoll (2015). Indeed, in addition to a persistent voluntarist tradition, films are from that moment on actively supported by medical institutions, pharmaceutical companies, and public policies.

Leander Diener

Yet how accurate is such an identification of two golden eras and what happens in between? Can the history of useful film in psychiatry and neurology really be divided into distinct periods and if so, according to what criteria? What forms does the notion of the camera’s alleged objectivity take during this period of fifty years? How do the films testify to this mechanical objectivity bestowed upon the medium of film? Certainly, the recourse to films pushes even further the fantasy of the “blind gaze” to which the scientists of the 19th century aspire – scientists who, as Daston and Galison observe, dream of becoming themselves machines with no will of their own. However, we must not forget that all statements about the objectivity of the cinematographic camera are essentially rhetorical. They serve in part to convince the scientific community of the legitimacy of such practices, since cinema is still associated with the world of entertainment. Therefore, discourses on the objectivity of the film medium have the function of legitimizing and stabilizing knowledge and practices.

Katrin Luchsinger on photography in psychiatric institutions

More importantly, these claims coexist with an acute awareness of the limits of such mechanical objectivity allowed by the film medium. For instance, the psychiatrist Paul Sainton highlights the challenges involved in properly filming subjects affected by movement disorders. It is not easy, he writes, to capture patients with neurological or mental illnesses because it happens that they freeze once they know they are being filmed: “Subjects who, in their hospital setting, had extensive movements, remained motionless when put in front of the camera.” This problem is of course magnified due to the high cost of the film. Neurologists and psychiatrists are fully aware of the epistemological obstacles that prevent them from getting a “good” shot – obstacles such as the whimsical behavior of the patients or the technical, material, and weather hazards. They know well it is a challenge to grasp some pathological movements such as hysteria or epilepsy, or to record eloquent enough movements, worthy of interest because of their emblematic or singular features. In their efforts to ensure the clarity of the images, they are forced to come up with solutions that seem contradictory to the “cognitive absolutism” of the “clinical gaze”. For instance, some doctors choose to dramatize and narrate their patients’ symptoms or to stage their own practice.

What are the main results of the conference?

The approaches presented during the Conference reflect the diversity of the disciplines to which the researchers belong. At the same time, they are telling of the complexity and richness of the films studied. As the first panel, “Filming the Brain”, illustrated (with Kimberley Fleuren, Leander Diener and Raphaël Tinguely), three different approaches stand out: a. a clinical approach, according to which the film is treated as a document informing on certain medical practices and pathologies, thus functioning as an extension of regular clinical observation, intended to capture what escapes the eye; b. a history of medicine and science approach that uses the film as a means of shedding light on a particular aspect of this history; c. a film and media history approach that focuses on the aesthetics and the materiality of films, as well as the context of their application. All three approaches attest to the epistemic value of the neuropsychiatric film, though the actual nature of this knowledge differs according to perspective adopted. As Christian Bonah remarked, “we look at the same images, but we don’t see the same thing” (referring to Ludwik Fleck’s “looking vs seeing model”). Therefore, it is important to openly assume the position from which we interpret these multi-dimensional images (and sounds).

Angela Saward from the Wellcome Collection (London)

As Katrin Pilz reminded us, the question of the “usefulness” can be asked at different levels, depending on the actual users. To whom are these films useful? Firstly, to medical doctors, teachers, staff, students, etc. at the time of the production (we may speak, in this case, of the films’ original usefulness). Then, they were useful to operators, filmmakers, firms, etc. interested in collaborating with doctors. Finally, they are useful today to researchers, archivists, curators, etc. If their original message is quickly outdated (they are ephemeral material), they present an immense historical value, as Angela Saward explained through a specific case study. Katrin Pilz concluded that one must begin by asking why these films were considered useless for so many years, forgotten in attics, remote hospital rooms, bunkers, etc.

The usefulness of these films is a dynamic concept, as David Cantor has noted. Usefulness changes over time (it increases or decreases with time and context); it fluctuates based on the groups that engage with the medium of film; it depends on the applications to which film is submitted, but also on the audiences that watch it. The question of the usefulness of films must be distinguished at all stages of their existence: production-direction, distribution, reception. Depending on the stages of the film’s development, the medical knowledge, the technology used, the content, the contingencies of the filmmaking, the audience responses, etc., the usefulness changes in form and meaning. Utility is a concept under constant construction, the object of negotiation between production, distribution and reception entities.

The roundtable with David Cantor, Katrin Pilz, Angela Saward, Christian Bonah and Caroline Fournier

With regard to the original utility, the paradigm of mechanical objectivity dominates. But mechanical objectivity constitutes only one type of epistemic virtue among several others, as Daston and Galison have shown. For Andreas Killen, the Ludwig Mayer’s films on hypnosis resort to the truth-to-nature paradigm, in that these films aim above all to demonstrate the effectiveness of hypnosis through emblematic images of the hypnotic state.

Nowdays, these films also inform us about the history of recording technologies (35mm, 16mm, 8mm, super 8, 9.5 Pathé Baby, etc.), as the Subirana collection presented by Paula Arantzatzu illustrated. The Subirana films testify to a media convergence practice that is quite extraordinary for the time: the films combine different types of still and moving images, such as real shots, X-rays, EEG, histological sections, and photographs. Moreover, they provide informations on the history of medical imaging, i.e. the usefulness of audiovisual devices expanding the field of scientific knowledge. This is also the case with the Waldau collections analyzed by Raphaël Tinguely, Léa Ritter, and Lucas Iliani. The hybridity of both the collections and the films of which they are composed requires us to trace the wider network in which they are embedded. According to Caroline Fournier, head of the film department of the Cinémathèque suisse, hybridity is what characterizes the production of amateur films—a paradigm that allows to understand the particularity of these film practices.

Léa Ritter and Lucas Iliani from the Cinémathèque suisse

Another question raised by the original usefulness is the content of these images. What exactly is the camera filming? Illnesses; patients, doctors, interactions between patients and medical staff; state of research; brain, mind, body, etc.?

Among those listed elements, the question of the patients has proven to be of a central importance. Who are they, where do they come from, how do they experience medical observation and filming; who are these invisible and unknown people on the screen? It seems quite difficult to trace their history, and when we do have some elements, they only come in fragments. Different sources provide some data: film storage material, administrative records, patient records, written testimonies, drawings, interviews with relatives, etc. But as Maia Woolner showed, this lack of information about patients is also meaningful. It reveals something about the status of patients as objects of experimentation, demonstration, or medical observation – hence, Christian Bonah‘s call to avoid the anonymization of data for legal reasons, as this process contributes to the invisibilization of people who have nevertheless played an essential role in the history of medicine. He also rightly reminded that the question of patients’ consent to be filmed is not just an ethical issue but also a legal one. In any case, solutions need to be found to conceptualize this invisibilization of patients, by drawing, for instance, on the social history of medicine, the spectralities or disabilities studies, which are interested in social groups neglected by canonical history.

The uncanny dimension of patients was also raised. While it strikes as obvious to today’s researchers, it is safe to assume that this must also have been the case, at least to some extent, for the experts watching the films at that time of their production. For example, it is difficult to make sense of images of patients who have completely lost control of their bodies and minds, as David Cantor has noted. And how to deal with the aesthetic dimension of certain shots that reduce patients to elements of the “medical set”? Part of the uncanny comes from their nudity, which emerges as a representational convention since the beginning of neuro-psychiatric cinema. For some speakers, nudity meets a need for visibility of every part of the body and muscles affected by pathological movements. For others, it is a cultural convention that allows nature and culture to be contrasted, with patients embodying the primitive and doctors the civilized. In this latter perspective, it is used to contrast the healthy body (that of the doctor who stands by the patients) and the sick body of the patient, in a comparative gesture typical of medical thought.

But is the nakedness always necessary? In some cases, the nudity does not fail to add something spectacular to the representation. According to Christian Bonah, some of these films appear as “medical exploitation films,” in that they rely on sensationalist effects. For this reason, they lend themselves to all sorts of hijackings, as illustrated by the films of Doyen that circulated on fairgrounds. One solution might be to contextualize these images when shown today, following the model of platforms such as Medfilm or the Wellcome collection.

From Lorenzo Lorusso’s presentation about Gaetanno Rummo

In any case, these films need to be interpreted as a history of specific power relationships, as for instance, the history of Western colonialism, and more generally the history of the stigmatization of the insane based on processes of exclusion and inclusion (in other words, in terms of negotiation, as suggested by Katrin Luchsinger). As Christian Bonah highlighted, one must be careful not to essentialize what one sees, as films always reveal more than the doctors wish to show; indeed, while mechanical objectivity is inherent in the film medium, film is underpinned by ideological, even political, issues, as Paula Arantzatzu showed.

Katrin Luchsinger has raised a yet another essential question on the subject of patients, namely that of the emotions aroused by these images of madness. She reminded how important it is to take time to watch and process these films and photographs. She also drew attention to the aesthetic and spectacular dimensions that escape those who produce the images. These films also respond in a way to existential questions that will be at the core of the avant-gardes, as when they display new images of the body and mind, through new technologies, a theme highly relevant for artists from the beginning of the 20th century.

Psychiatrie Museum Bern

There are still many more questions that need to be answered: Who is filming? Who is behind the camera? Doctors, operators, assistants? How are we filming? Is it just to document experiments that confirm research hypotheses (as for W. R. Hess) or to create a sophisticated discourse to be presented to peers at conferences (as for Subirana)? Who is watching these films? Medical and non-medical audiences (films do not always reach their original audience and may be enjoyed for their spectacular dimension outside the medical realm)? How should the issue of sensitive data be approached ? (We have seen that there are different “schools of thought” depending on the institution).

References

Charles R. Acland & Haidee Wasson (ed.) (2011), Useful Cinema, Durham-London, Duke University Press.

Maike Rotzoll & Christian Bonah (2015), “Psychopathologie en mouvement. Histoire des films à Strasbourg et à Heidelberg”, in Ch. Bonah, A. Sumpf, Ph. Osten, G. Moser, T. Close-Koenig & J. Danet (eds.), Le Pré-Programme. Film d’enseignement / film utilitaire / film de propagande / film inédit dans les cinéma et archives de l’interrégion du Rhin Supérieur. 1900-1970. Une étude comparée franco-allemande, Heidelberg-Strasbourg, A25 Rhinfilm.

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